2011 Toyota Avalon:  The Avalon comes the form of a 3.5L DOHC 24-valve V6 engine. 268 hp at 6,200 rpm power and 248 lb.-ft of torque at 4,700 rpm. Steering has been improved from previous years and brakes are 4-wheel disc with ABS, EBD, and BA.  Inside, leather is standard on the new Avalon. Perforated seating, plus wood grain accents on the steering wheel and shift knob are included in the Avalon Limited. A nine-speaker AM/FM/CD audio system with USB and iPod connectivity is activated through a Vacuum Fluorescent Display. Avalon Limited adds JBL Synthesis sound to the mix, boasting 12 speakers with 660 watts of output.

MSRP: $32,245- $35,485

2011 Cadillac CTS:  Power for the CTS comes in several sizes. Standard engine is rated at 270 hp for the 3.0-liter V6 mated to a 6-speed transmission. Additional power is available with a 3.6-liter direct injection V6 showcasing 304 hp at 6,400 rpm and 273 lb.-ft of torque. StabiliTrak and Traction Control are incorporated along with 4-wheel disc brakes and ABS.

Leather seating is standard on all but the basic CTS. , features include power driver-seat adjustment, dual-zone climate control, XM Satellite Radio with the AM/FM/CD player .

Alan Ball

Books:

Charlaine Harris Starring Anna Paquin

Stephen Moyer

Sam Trammell

Ryan Kwanten

Rutina Wesley

Chris Bauer

Mehcad Brooks

Anna Camp

Nelsan Ellis

Michelle Forbes

Mariana Klaveno

Todd Lowe

Michael McMillian

Jim Parrack

Carrie Preston

William Sanderson

Alexander Skarsgård

Deborah Ann Woll

Lynn Collins

Lizzy Caplan

Adina Porter

Michael Raymond-James

Stephen Root

Lois Smith

Allan Hyde Opening theme “Bad Things”

by Jace Everett Composer(s) Nathan Barr Country of origin United States Language(s) English No. of seasons 2 No. of episodes 21 (List of episodes) Production Executive producer(s) Alan Ball

Gregg Fienberg (Season 2) Running time approx. 55 min. Broadcast Original channel HBO Original run September 7, 2008 – present External links Official website

True Blood is an American television drama series created and produced by Alan Ball. It is based on the The Southern Vampire Mysteries series of novels by Charlaine Harris. The show is broadcast on the premium cable network HBO in the United States. It is produced by HBO in association with Ball’s production company, Your Face Goes Here Entertainment.^[1] It premiered on September 7, 2008.

The show’s second 12-episode season premiered on June 14, 2009. On July 30, 2009, HBO confirmed that a third season of True Blood will be released in the summer of 2010.^[2]Alan Ball has said that he plans to start shooting the third season before Christmas 2009.^[3]

True Blood details the co-existence of vampires and humans in Bon Temps (meaning “good times” in French), a fictional small northern Louisiana town. The series centers on Sookie Stackhouse (Anna Paquin), a telepathic waitress at a bar, who falls in love with vampire Bill Compton (Stephen Moyer).^[1][4]

The first season received critical acclaim and won several awards, including one Golden Globe.

Production

Development history

Series creator Alan Ball had previously worked with premium cable channel HBO on Six Feet Under, which ran five seasons. In October 2005, after Six Feet Under’s finale, Ball signed a two-year agreement with HBO to develop and produce original programming for the network. True Blood became the first project under the deal, after Ball became acquainted with Charlaine Harris‘ Southern Vampire Mystery books.^[5] One day, while early for a dentist appointment, Ball was browsing through Barnes and Noble and came across Dead Until Dark, the first installment in Harris’ series. Enjoying it, he read the following entries and became interested in “bringing Harris’ vision to television.”^[5][6] However, Harris had two other adaptation options for the books when Ball approached her. He said she chose to work with him, though, because “[Ball] really ‘got’ me. That’s how he convinced me to go with him. I just felt that he understood what I was doing with the books.”

The project’s hour-long pilot was ordered concurrently with the finalization of the aforementioned development deal and was written, directed and produced by Ball.^[1][5] Cast members Paquin, Kwanten and Trammell were announced in February 2007 and Moyer later on in April.^[7][8] The pilot was shot in the early summer of 2007 and was officially ordered to series in August, at which point Ball had already written several more episodes.^[1] Production on the series began later that fall,^[9] with Brook Kerr, who portrayed Tara Thornton in the original pilot, being replaced by Rutina Wesley.^[10] Two more episodes of the series had been filmed before the 2007-08 Writers Guild of America strike shut down production of the 12-episode first season until 2008.^[11] That September, after only the first two episodes of the series had aired, HBO placed an order for a second season of twelve episodes of the show, with production scheduled to commence in January 2009 for a summer premiere.^[12]

Opening title sequence

True Blood’s Emmy-nominated title sequence was created by Digital Kitchen, a production studio that was also responsible for creating the title sequence of Six Feet Under. The sequence, which is primarily composed of portrayals of the show’s deep South setting, is played to “Bad Things” by Jace Everett.^[13]

Conceptually, Digital Kitchen elected to construct the sequence around the idea of “the whore in the house of prayer”^[14] by intermingling contradictory images of sex, violence and religion and displaying them from the point of view of “a supernatural, predatory creature observing human beings from the shadows …”^[13] Digital Kitchen also wished to explore ideas of redemption and forgiveness, and thus arranged for the sequence to progress from morning to night and to culminate in a baptism.^[14]

Most of the footage used in the sequence was filmed on location by Digital Kitchen. Crew members took a four-day trip to Louisiana to film and also shot at a Chicago church and on a stage and in a bar in Seattle.^[14] Additionally, several Digital Kitchen crew members made cameo appearances in the sequence.

In editing the opening, Digital Kitchen wanted to express how “religious fanaticism” and “sexual energy” could corrupt humans and make them animalistic. Accordingly, several frames of some shots were cut to give movements a jittery feel, while other shots were simply played back very slowly. Individual frames were also splattered with drops of blood.^[14] The sequence’s transitions were constructed differently, though; they were made with a Polaroid transfer technique. The last frame of one shot and the first frame of another were taken as a single Polaroid photo, which was then divided between emulsion and backing. The emulsion was then filmed being further separated by chemicals and those shots of this separation were placed back into the final edit.^[13]

Eight different typefaces, inspired by Southern road signage, were also created manually by Camm Rowland for cast and crew credits, as well as the show’s title card.^[14]

Music

Gary Calamar, the music supervisor for the series, said that his goal for the soundtrack to the show is to create something “swampy, bluesy and spooky” and to feature local Louisiana musicians.^[15] Composer Nathan Barr writes the original score for the series which features cello, guitar, prepared piano and glass harmonica among other instruments, all of which he performs himself.^{[citation needed]} The main theme song is “Bad Things” by country music artist Jace Everett, from his 2005 self-titled debut.^[16]

Elektra/Atlantic Records released a True Blood soundtrack on May 19, 2009, the same day as the release of the DVD and Blu-Ray of the first season.^[17] Nathan Barr’s original score for True Blood will be released on CD in August 2009.

Both Nathan Barr and Jace Everett won 2009 awards from Broadcast Music Incorporated in the BMI Cable Awards category for, respectively, True Blood’s original score and theme song.^[18]

Viral marketing campaign

The premiere of True Blood was prefaced with a viral marketing/alternate reality game (ARG) campaign, based at BloodCopy.com. This included setting up multiple websites,^[19][20][21] encoding web address into unmarked envelopes mailed to high profile blog writers and others, and even performances by a “vampire” who attempted to reach out to others of their kind, to discuss the recent creation of “TruBlood”, a fictional beverage which is featured in the show. A MySpace account with the username “Blood”^[22] had, as of June 19, uploaded two videos;^[23] one entitled “Vampire Taste Test – True Blood vs Human”,^[24] and one called “BloodCopy Exclusive INTERVIEW WITH SAMSON THE VAMPIRE”. A prequel comic was handed out to attendees of the 2008 Comic-Con. The comic centers around an old vampire named Lamar, who tells the reader about how TruBlood surfaced and was discussed between many vampires before going public. At one point, Lamar wonders if TruBlood is making the world safe for vampires or from them. Several commercials featured on HBO and Facebook^[25] aired prior to the series premiere, placing vampires in ads similar to those of beer and wine. Some beverage vending machines across the US were also fitted with cards indicating that they were “sold out” of TruBlood. Thousands of DVDs of the first episode were handed out to attendees of Midnight Madness, a special screenings event of the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival. Blockbuster Video provided free rental of the first episode of True Blood several days before it was broadcast on HBO. The video had a faint promotional watermark throughout the episode.

On April 16, 2009, HBO released the first teaser poster for Season 2. The image uses a perspective technique that shows observers one of two images. ^[26] A minute-long promotional video advertising season two, which featured Bob Dylan’s “Beyond Here Lies Nothin’“, was released via Entertainment Tonight in early May.^[27]

On September 8, 2009, HBO.com will begin selling Tru:Blood, the fictional drink that appears in the show. In real life, it is a blood orange carbonated drink, developed and manufactured by Omni Consumer Products, a company that specializes in defictionalizing brands from television and movies.

There is also a website for The Fellowship of the Sun, antagonists from the book series, featuring videos about hot-button issues such as becoming a vampire.

Plot

Following the creation of synthetic blood, vampires have progressed from legendary monsters to fellow citizens overnight. Sookie Stackhouse (Anna Paquin) is a telepath and waitress at Merlotte’s in the small Louisiana town of Bon Temps, owned by Sam Merlotte (Sam Trammell), a shapeshifter—though this secret is kept hidden. One night, Sookie meets Bill Compton (Stephen Moyer), a handsome 173-year-old vampire who has returned to Bon Temps following the death of his last remaining relative. As she cannot hear his thoughts, she finds it easy to be in his company and over the first season, the two become romantically involved.

Season one

The main mystery of the first season concerns the murders of women connected to Sookie’s brother, Jason (Ryan Kwanten). Maudette Pickens and Dawn Green are both strangled shortly after having been alone with Jason. Though Detective Bellefleur has little doubt that Jason is the killer, the town sheriff does not suspect him. Jason and Sookie’s grandmother is murdered shortly afterward. At the end of the season it is revealed that Arlene Fowler’s fiancé, Rene Lenier, is actually a man named Drew Marshall who created a fake identity, Cajun accent and all. He has been killing women he considers “fang-bangers.”

The first season also focuses on Sookie’s relationship with Bill and Sam’s relationship with Sookie’s friend Tara. Bill explains the rules of being a vampire to Sookie and, after he finds himself killing a vampire to defend Sookie, he is forced to turn a young girl, Jessica, as punishment. In the last episode of the season, this new vampire is left with Bill under his care. After Maudette and Dawn’s murders Jason becomes addicted to vampire blood and has a short relationship with another addict, Amy Burley, which ends when she is murdered by Drew. Season one ends with the discovery of a body in Detective Andy Bellefleur’s car in Merlotte’s parking lot. The first episode of season two reveals the body to be that of Miss Jeannette, the drugstore clerk who has given phony exorcisms to Tara and her mother.

Season two

Season two centers around the disappearance of the 2,000-year old vampire Sheriff of Area 9, Godric. Eric enlists Sookie’s and Bill’s aid in finding him. With Sookie and Bill in Dallas, a supernatural Maenad named Maryann causes mayhem in Bon Temps.

Cast and characters

Set in the small fictional town of Bon Temps, Louisiana, the main thrust of the show revolves around Anna Paquin as Sookie Stackhouse, a telepathic waitress. Her ability makes it difficult for her to form lasting human relationships. She is attracted to Bill Compton played by Stephen Moyer because she cannot hear his thoughts. He is a vampire recently returned home to Bon Temps after 150 years. Throughout the first season they grow close, with Bill becoming protective of Sookie.

Alexander Skarsgård plays Eric Northman, Sheriff of Area 5, an ancient and powerful Nordic vampire to whom Bill owes fealty. Eric disdains human life but is fascinated by Sookie and her telepathic powers.

Sam Trammell stars as Sam Merlotte, the owner of Merlotte’s, where Sookie works. He is a shapeshifter, often watching over Sookie in the form of a dog. Rutina Wesley plays Tara Thornton, Sookie’s best friend and a bartender at Merlotte’s. Tara grew up in an abusive home and has difficulty trusting others as a result. She has a brief relationship with Sam. Sookie’s brother, Jason, played by Ryan Kwanten, is a road crew supervisor for Bon Temps. After losing the girl he loves, he turns himself in for a string of murders which he did not commit and, while in jail, is recruited by the anti-vampire church the “Fellowship of the Sun”.

Tara’s cousin, Lafayette Reynolds, played by Nelsan Ellis, is the short order cook at Merlotte’s; he is also a drug dealer and gay prostitute. He sells Vampire Blood to Jason, but refuses to sell him any more after Jason takes too much at once. After his Vampire supplier goes missing, he is kidnapped by Eric and locked in a dungeon as a punishment for dealing and being implicated in the supplier’s disappearance.

Jim Parrack stars as Hoyt Fortenberry, a friend of Jason and Rene who works on the road crew. Sweet and good-hearted, he is the only person whose thoughts are consistently kind when Sookie eavesdrops. For the majority of the first season he is bossed around by his mother, but stands up to her after Jason leaves his comfort zone to be with Amy. Hoyt meets Jessica in the second season and expresses deep interest in her, even after finding out she’s a vampire. Carrie Preston stars as Arlene Fowler, a waitress working with Sookie. She has been married four times and is supporting two children from one of them. Toward the end of the first season she becomes engaged to her boyfriend Rene, but her happiness is short-lived after she discovers evidence implicating him in the murders.

Chris Bauer plays Detective Andy Bellefleur, a detective in Bon Temps who is regularly disrespected by the town’s citizens. He is assigned the investigation of the murders that occur during the first season, and is set on arresting Jason Stackhouse for the crimes. While he is initially praised for his actions, once the true killer’s identity is revealed, he begins drinking heavily. During one of his binges at Merlotte’s, the body of Miss Jeanette, a drugstore clerk who performs phony exorcisms, is left in his car, making him a suspect in her death. William Sanderson plays Sheriff Bud Dearborne, the town sheriff, and an old friend of Sookie’s parents. He doesn’t believe Jason is a serial killer and regularly scolds Andy for being unfair and biased toward suspects. He is currently investigating the murder of Miss Jeanette.

Allan Hyde portrays Godric, a 2000-year old vampire and Sheriff of Area 9 which covers Dallas,Texas. Although he has the appearance of a teenager, he is the most powerful vampire to appear so far. He is also Eric’s maker. He is kidnapped by the Fellowship of the Sun Church and kept prisoner in the church basement. Godric saves Sookie from being sexually assaulted by a church member named Gabe. Godric is released and lives to save the humans who wanted to kill him.

Reception

Critical reception of True Blood has generally been favorable, despite the fact that initial impressions were mixed. The New York Post critic wrote of the opening episodes: “If HBO’s new vampire show is any indication, there would still be countless deaths – especially among vampire hunters and the viewers who love them – because everyone would be dying of boredom. And so it is with HBO’s new series from death-obsessed Alan Ball, creator of the legendary Six Feet Under, whose new show True Blood, won’t so much make your blood run cold as it will leave you cold.”^[28]

Whereas USA Today concluded: “Sexy, witty and unabashedly peculiar, True Blood is a blood-drenched Southern Gothic romantic parable set in a world where vampires are out and about and campaigning for equal rights. Part mystery, part fantasy, part comedy, and all wildly imaginative exaggeration, [True] Blood proves that there’s still vibrant life — or death — left in the “star-crossed cute lovers” paradigm. You just have to know where to stake your romantic claim.”^[29]

By the end of the first season, True Blood had a score of 64 indicating generally favorable reviews on Metacritic, an aggregator of critical responses.^[30]

Ratings

The first episode of True Blood debuted at a very modest 1.44 million viewers compared to the network’s past drama premiers such as Big Love which premiered at 4.56 million, and John from Cincinnati which debuted at 3.4 million.^[31] However, by late November 2008, 6.8 million a week were watching: this figure included repeat and on-demand viewings.^[32] The season finale’s viewership was 2.4 million. True Blood has reportedly become HBO’s most popular series since The Sopranos and Sex and the City.^[33]

The second season premiere of the series on June 14, 2009 was watched by 3.7 million viewers, making it the most watched program on HBO since the series finale of The Sopranos. The total number of viewers for the season premiere, including the late night replay, was 5.1 million.^[34] The eighth episode of the second season (August 9, 2009) was seen by 4.43 million viewers, a new record for the series.^[35]

Awards and nominations

International distribution

DVD and Blu-ray releases

As of August 2, 2009, the first season DVD had sold over 1.2 million units, bringing in over $42 million in revenue.^[38]

See also

• Artificial blood
• Vampire films
• Vampire literature

References

External links

• True Blood Official site
• True Blood at the Internet Movie Database
• True Blood at TV.com
• True Blood Wiki an external Wiki

For the Internet appliance line, see Linksys iPhone.

iPhone
Manufacturer	Apple Inc.
Carrier	USA · AT&T Mobility UK · O2Germany · T-Mobile France · Orange
Available	USA · June 29, 2007UK · November 9, 2007 Germany · November 9, 2007 France · November 29, 2007
Screen	320×480 px, 3.5 in, color LCD
Camera	2.0 megapixel
Operating system	OS X (1.1.2)
Input	Multi-touch touchscreen
CPU	620 MHz ARM 1176[1]
Ringtone	iTunes Store via iTunes (U.S. only), custom creation using GarageBand 4.1.1[2]
Memory	Flash memory from 4 to 8 GB Currently 8 GB
Networks	Quad band GSMGPRS/EDGE Data speeds up to 220 kbit/s
Connectivity	Dock connector Headphone jack USBFireWire (charging only) Wi-Fi (802.11b/g) Bluetooth
Battery	Lithium-ion polymer battery[3]
Physical size	4.5×2.4×0.46 in (115×61×11.6 mm)
Weight	4.8 oz (135 g)
Form factor	Candybar Smartphone
Media capabilities	iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store iPod H.264 (YouTube)

iPhone is a multimedia, Internet-enabled mobile phone designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It has a multi-touch screen with virtual keyboard and buttons. The iPhone’s functions include those of a camera phone and a portable media player (“iPod“), in addition to text messaging and visual voicemail. It also offers Internet services including e-mail, web browsing, and local Wi-Fi connectivity. It is a quad-band mobile phone that uses the GSM standard, hence has international capability. It supports the Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) data technology.

Following the success of iPod, Apple announced the iPhone in January 2007. The announcement was preceded by rumors and speculations that circulated for several months. The iPhone was introduced, first in the United States on June 29, 2007 with much media frenzy and then in the United Kingdom, Germany and France in November 2007. It was named Time magazine’s Invention of the Year in 2007.^[4]A new version of Apple’s iPhone is expected to be introduced in 2008 that is capable of operating on faster 3G cellular networks.^[5]

History

Main article: History of the iPhone

The genesis of the iPhone began with Apple CEO Steve Jobs‘ direction that Apple engineers investigate touch-screens. At the time he had been considering having Apple work on tablet PCs.^[6]

Comments made by Jobs in April 2003 at the “D: All Things Digital” executive conference expressed his belief that tablet PCs and traditional PDAs were not good choices as high-demand markets for Apple to enter, despite many requests made to him that Apple create another PDA. He did believe that cell phones were going to become important devices for portable information access.

On January 9, 2007, Jobs announced the iPhone at the Macworld convention, receiving substantial media attention,^[7] and on June 11, 2007 announced at the Apple’s Worldwide Developer’s Conference that the iPhone would support third-party applications using the Safari engine on the device. Third-parties would create the Web 2.0 applications and users would access them via the Internet.^[8] On October 17, 2007 Apple announced that an iPhone software development kit would be made available in February 2008^[9][10], allowing developers to create native applications that take full advantage of the iPhone’s application programming interface.^[11]

On July 25, 2007 Apple announced in their 2007 Q3 sales report and conference call that they sold 270,000 iPhones in the first 30 hours on launch weekend.^[12] AT&T reported 146,000 iPhones activated in the same time period.^[13] Apple anticipated selling their millionth iPhone in the first full quarter of availability,^[14] and anticipates selling 10 million iPhones by the end of their 2008 fiscal year.^[15] On September 10, 2007, Apple announced sales of 1 million iPhones.^[16] This was followed by Apple’s 2007 fourth quarter earnings announcement on October 22, 2007 which put total iPhone sales at 1.39 million with 1.12 million sold that quarter.^[17]

On November 21, 2007, T-Mobile announced it would sell the phone “unlocked” and without a T-Mobile contract, caused by a preliminary injunction against T-Mobile put in place by their competitor Vodafone. In Germany, a company is not allowed to lock the SIM card to itself.^[18] On December 4, 2007, a German court decided to grant T-Mobile exclusive rights to sell the iPhone with the SIM card locked, overturning the temporary injunction.^[19]In addition, T-Mobile will unlock the iPhone at the termination of a customer’s contract.^[20]

The iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has also been activated as a phone with an authorized carrier. On July 3, 2007, Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked the iPhone’s other features with a combination of custom software and modification of the iTunes binary. He published the software and offsets for others to use.^[21]

Features

The iPhone allows conferencing, call holding, call merging, caller ID, and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For example, a playing song fades out when the user receives a call. Once the call is ended the music fades back in. Voice dialing is not supported by the iPhone.

The iPhone includes a Visual Voicemail feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list. AT&T, O2, T-Mobile and Orange modified their voicemail infrastructure to accommodate this new feature designed by Apple. A lawsuit has been filed against Apple and AT&T by a company called Klausner Technologies claiming the iPhone’s Visual Voicemail feature infringes two patents.^[22]

A ringtone feature, introduced in the United States on September 5, 2007, but not yet available in all countries where the iPhone has been released, allows users to create custom ringtones from their purchased iTunes music for an additional fee, the same price of a song. The ringtones can be from 3 to 30 seconds in length of any part of a song, can include fading in and out, can pause from half a second to five seconds when looped, and never expire. All customizing can be done in iTunes, and the synced ringtones can also be used for alarms on the iPhone. Custom ringtones can also be created using Apple’s GarageBand software 4.1.1 or later (available only on Mac OS X).^[23]

Apple has released a video explaining many of iPhone’s features through a series of demonstrations.^[24]

Multimedia

The layout of the music library differs from previous iPods, with the sections divided more clearly alphabetically, and with a larger font. Similar to previous iPods, the iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations. Cover Flow, like that on iTunes, shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen.

Like the fifth generation iPods introduced in 2005, the iPhone can play video, allowing users to watch TV shows and films. Unlike other image-related content, video on the iPhone plays only in the landscape orientation, when the phone is turned sideways. Double tapping switches between wide-screen and fullscreen video playback.

The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone over Wi-Fi, but not over the cellular data network.^[25]

Web connectivity

The iPhone is able to access the World Wide Web via a modified version of the Safari web browser when connected to a Wi-Fi or an EDGE network. It is not able to utilize AT&T’s 3G or AT&T’s HSDPA network in the U.S.. Steve Jobs has stated 3G would need to become more widespread and much more energy efficient before it’s included in the iPhone.^[26][27] By default, the iPhone will ask to join newly discovered Wi-Fi networks and prompt for the password when required, while also supporting manually joining closed Wi-Fi networks.^[28] When Wi-Fi is active, it will automatically switch from the EDGE network to any nearby previously approved Wi-Fi network.^[29]

Before the launch, some reviewers found the EDGE network “excruciatingly slow,” with the iPhone taking as long as 100 seconds to download the Yahoo! home page for the first time.^[30] Immediately before the launch the observed speed of the network increased to almost 200 kbit/s.^[31] This is probably due to the new “Fine EDGE” upgrades AT&T had been making to their network prior to the launch.^[32]

The EDGE network benefits iPhone users by providing greater availability than 3G, as 3G continues its expansion to most major cities in the United States.^[33] Most countries outside the United States have very little EDGE infrastructure in place. For example, the United Kingdom’s EDGE infrastructure amounts to less than 30 percent.^{[citation needed]} As a result, many users outside major cities will have to browse the Internet on GPRS, a much slower protocol.

The web browser displays full web pages as opposed to simplified pages as on most non-smartphones. The iPhone does not support Flash or Java technology.^[34][35] Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and supports automatic zooming by pinching together or spreading apart fingertips on the screen, or by double-tapping text or images.^[36]

Apple developed an iPhone application for accessing Google’s maps service in map or satellite form, a list of search results, or directions between two locations, while providing optional real-time traffic information. During the product’s announcement, Jobs demonstrated this feature by searching for nearby Starbucks locations and then placing a prank call to one with a single tap.^[6][37] Though Flash isn’t supported in Safari on the iPhone, Apple also developed a separate application to view YouTube videos on the iPhone.

E-mail

The iPhone also features an e-mail program that supports HTML e-mail, which enables the user to embed photos in an e-mail message. PDF, Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Excel attachments to mail messages can be viewed on the phone.^[38] Yahoo! is currently the only e-mail provider offering a free Push-IMAP e-mail service similar to that on a BlackBerry for the iPhone;^{[citation needed]} IMAP and POP3 mail standards are also supported, including Microsoft Exchange^[39] and Kerio MailServer.^[40] There is currently no search support.^{[citation needed]} The iPhone will sync e-mail account settings over from Apple’s own Mail application, Microsoft Outlook, and Microsoft Entourage, or manually configured using the device’s Settings tool. With the correct settings, the e-mail program can check many IMAP or POP3-enabled web based accounts such as Gmail, .Mac mail, and AOL.^[41]

Others

The iPhone features a built in 2.0 megapixel camera, without a flash, located on the back for still digital photos, but does not support video recording. It also includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and e-mail photos. The user zooms in and out of photos by “unpinching” and “pinching” them through the multi-touch interface. The software interacts with iPhoto on the Mac and Photoshop in Windows.

The built-in Bluetooth 2.x+EDR supports wireless earpieces (which requires the HSP profile), but notably does not support stereo audio (requires A2DP), laptop tethering (requires DUN and SPP), or the OBEX file transfer protocol (requires FTP, GOEP, and OPP).

Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies. Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles (similar to iChat) under each recipient’s name. The iPhone does not support message forwarding, drafts, delivery reports, instant messaging, MMS, multi-recipient SMS, or copy/cut/paste capability.^[42]

Interface

The display responds to three sensors: a proximity sensor that shuts off the display and touchscreen when the iPhone is brought near the face to save battery power and to prevent spurious inputs from the user’s face and ears, an ambient light sensor that adjusts the display brightness which in turn saves battery power, and a 3-axis accelerometer,^[43] which senses the orientation of the phone and changes the screen accordingly. Photo browsing, web browsing, and music playing support both upright and left or right widescreen orientations, while videos play in only one widescreen orientation.

A single “home” hardware button below the display brings up the main menu. Subselections are made via the touchscreen. The iPhone utilizes a full-paged display, with context-specific submenus at the top and/or bottom of each page, sometimes depending on screen orientation. Detail pages display the equivalent of a “Back” button to go up one menu.

The iPhone has three physical switches on its sides: wake/sleep, volume up/down, and ringer on/off. All other multimedia and phone operations are done via the touch screen.

The iPhone interface enables the user to move the content itself up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger, much as one would freely slide or flick a playing card across a table with a finger. Similarly, scrolling through a long list in a menu works as if the list is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel: the wheel can be “spun” by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top (or vice versa). In either case, the object continues to move based on the flicking motion of the finger, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction. In this way, the interface simulates the physics of 3D objects, giving it a real world feel.

The photo album and web page magnifications are examples of multi-touch sensing. It is possible to zoom in and out of web pages and photos by placing two fingers (e.g. thumb and forefinger) on the screen and spreading them farther apart or closer together, as if stretching or squeezing the image. As can be expected from multi-touch sensing, the two fingers don’t have to be from the same hand.

Text input

For text input, the device implements a virtual keyboard on the touchscreen. It has automatic spell checking and correction, predictive word capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words. The predictive word capabilities have been integrated with the dynamic virtual keyboard so that users will not have to be extremely accurate when typing—i.e. touching the edges of the desired letter or nearby letters on the keyboard will be predictively corrected when possible. The keys are somewhat larger and spaced further apart when in landscape mode, currently only available using the Safari. Not focusing more on texting has been considered a chief weakness of the iPhone, while at the same time the virtual keyboard is a bold step and a worthwhile risk.^[34]

David Pogue of The New York Times and Walt Mossberg of The Wall Street Journal both tested the iPhone for two weeks and found learning to use it initially difficult, although eventually usable. Pogue stated use was “frustrating” at first, but “once you stop stressing about each individual letter and just plow ahead, speed and accuracy pick up considerably.” After five days of use, Mossberg “was able to type on it as quickly and accurately as he could on the Palm Treo he has used for years,” and considered the keyboard a “nonissue.” Both found that the typo-correcting feature of the iPhone was the key to using the virtual keyboard successfully.^[30][44]

Hardware

According to The Wall Street Journal, the iPhone is manufactured on contract in the Longhua, Shenzhen factory of the Taiwanese company Hon Hai.^[45] Conditions for workers at the factory have been a matter of controversy^[46].

Touch screen

The 3.5 in liquid crystal display (320×480 px at 160 ppi) HVGA touch screen topped with optical-quality, scratch-resistant glass^[47] is specifically created for use with a finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. Because the screen is a capacitive touch screen, no stylus is needed, nor can one be used.^[48][26] Bare skin is a requirement; users wearing gloves would have to remove them to use the touchpad,^[49] unless they are wearing electrically conductive gloves.^[50]

The user interface also features other visual effects, such as horizontally sliding sub-selections and co-selections from right and left, vertically sliding system menus from the bottom (e.g. favorites, keyboard), and menus and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on their back sides.

Audio

The iPhone’s headphones are similar to those of current iPods, but also incorporate a microphone. A multipurpose button in the microphone can be used to play or pause music, skip tracks, and answer or end phone calls without touching the iPhone. The 3.5 mm TRS connector for the headphones is located on the top left corner (as seen from front upright). Wireless earpieces that use Bluetooth technology to communicate with the iPhone are sold separately. The headphone socket on the iPhone is recessed into the casing, making it incompatible with some headphones without the use of an adapter.^[51]

The loudspeaker is used both for handsfree operations and media playback, but does not support voice recording.

With the iPhone firmware update 1.1.1, released in late September 2007, video can be output from the headset jack using a three-way jack plug. Component video at up to 576i and stereo audio can also be output from the dock connector using the Apple Component AV Cable.^[52]

Battery

The iPhone features a built-in rechargeable battery that is not intended to be user-replaceable, similar to existing iPods. If the battery prematurely reaches the end of its life time, the phone can be returned to Apple and replaced for free while still in warranty,^[53] one year at purchase and extended to two years with AppleCare. The cost of having Apple provide a new battery and replace it when the iPhone is out of warranty is US$79 and US$6.95 for shipping.^[54]

The battery is stated to be capable of providing up to seven hours of video, six hours of web browsing, or eight hours of talk time (depending on configuration). The battery life for music playing is stated to be 24 hours.^[47] The battery also allows for up to 250 hours of standby time. Apple’s site says that the battery life “is designed to retain up to 80% of its original capacity after 400 full charge and discharge cycles,”^[55] which turns out to be the same as for the iPod batteries. When the battery reaches only 80% capacity, it would be providing approximately 5.6 hours of video, 4.8 hours of web browsing, 6.4 hours of talk time, or 19.2 hours of music playing, depending on configuration.

The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights, a consumer advocate group, has sent a complaint to Apple and AT&T over the fee that consumers have to pay to get the battery replaced.^[56] Though the battery replacement service and its pricing was not made known to buyers until the day the product was launched,^[56][57] a similar service had been well established for the iPods by Apple and various third party service providers.

SIM card

The SIM card is located in a slot at the top of the device,^[24] and the device is activated through iTunes.^[58] The iPhone does not contain a memory card slot.

The iPhone, like many other phones on contract, are locked to the service provider, such as AT&T, O2, Orange and T-Mobile.

Software

An optimized version of the OS X operating system (without unnecessary components) runs on the iPhone, although differences between the operating system running on Macs and the iPhone have not been officially explained in detail. The iPhone’s version of OS X includes the software component “Core Animation” from Mac OS X v10.5 which is responsible for the smooth animations used in its user interface. The operating system takes up considerably less than half a GB of the device’s total 8 GB storage.^[59] It will be capable of supporting bundled and future applications from Apple.

The iPhone is managed with iTunes version 7.3 or later, which is compatible with Mac OS X version 10.4.10 or later, and 32-bit Windows XP or Vista.^[60]

The iPhone’s CPU is an ARM-based processor instead of the x86 and PowerPC processors used in Apple’s computers. This means applications can not simply be copied from Mac OS X and have to be written and compiled specifically for the iPhone. Additionally, the Safari web browser supports web applications written with AJAX, which, by design, are platform agnostic applications.

Applications

There are several applications located on the “Home” screen: Text (SMS messaging), Calendar, Photos, Camera, YouTube, Stocks, Maps (Google Maps), Weather, Clock, Calculator, Notes, Settings, and iTunes. Four other applications delineate the iPhone’s main purposes: Phone, Mail, Safari, and iPod.^[61]

The YouTube application streams videos over Wi-Fi and/or EDGE after encoding them using QuickTime’s H.264 codec, to which YouTube has converted about 10,000 videos. They are expected to convert the entire catalog by the third quarter of 2007. As a result, the YouTube application on iPhone can currently only view a certain selection of videos from the site.^[62] Also, because YouTube displays videos using Flash, the iPhone can only view videos through the YouTube application as opposed to accessing the YouTube website using Safari.

At WWDC 2007 on June 11, 2007 Apple announced that the iPhone will support third-party “applications” via the Safari web browser that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface. The applications must be created in Ajax or JavaScript to maintain device security.^[63] The iPhone cannot officially install full programs from anyone but Apple,^[64] although Steve Jobs has hinted that future third-party applications are in development.^[65][66] Dozens of homebrew applications are now available^[67], although they are completely unsupported by Apple. Such applications could be broken by any software update, but Apple will not design software updates specifically to break native applications other than applications that perform SIM unlocking.^[68]

On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple’s “Hot News” weblog, announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008. Due to security concerns and Jobs’ praise of Nokia’s digital signature system, it is suggested that Apple will adopt a similar method. The SDK will also allow application development for the iPod touch.^[69]

Software updates

Apple provides updates to the iPhone’s operating system through iTunes, in a similar fashion to the way that iPods are updated, and touts this as an advantage compared to other cell phones.^[70] Security patches as well as new and improved features, such as a mobile chat client, Flash support, and voice recording, may be released in this fashion.^[71]

The first iPhone software update, 1.0.1, was released on July 31, 2007^[72] to patch an exploit, discovered on July 23, 2007. It allowed hackers to take complete control of the iPhone via Wi-Fi connection or by luring a person to a website with that included malicious code. Once the hacker had control of the iPhone they could download the entire content of the iPhone, make phone calls, or turn the phone into a covert listening device.^[73]

The first full update, 1.1.1, was released on September 27, 2007. In addition to the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store, this update also adds home button shortcuts and other features previously released in the iPod touch.^[74] The update significantly changed the iPhone’s software and improved stability of its applications. Unsurprisingly, such significant changes also made it incompatible with previous unsupported hacks for modifying the system software or installing third party applications.

The updates that have been released are:

1.0.1 – July 31, 2007

• Safari security update

1.0.2 – August 21, 2007

• Fixed Bugs

1.1.1 – September 27, 2007

• iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store
• Louder speakerphone and receiver volume
• Home button double-click shortcut to phone favorites or music controls
• Spacebar double-tap shortcut to intelligently insert period and space
• Mail attachments are viewable in portrait and landscape modes
• Stocks and cities in Stocks and Weather can be reordered
• Apple Bluetooth Headset battery status in the Status Bar
• Support for TV out
• Preferences to turn off EDGE/GPRS when roaming internationally
• New Passcode lock time intervals
• Adjustable alert volume

1.1.2 – November 12, 2007

• Battery charge level shown in iTunes
• International language & keyboard support
• Patched the TIFF exploit
• Adds custom ringtone field
• Fixed Bugs

Specifications

The specifications as listed on Apple’s website are:^[75]

• Screen size: 8.9 cm (3.5 in)
• Screen resolution: 320×480 pixels at 160 ppi
• Input method: Multi-touch screen interface (the “Home” button is the iPhone’s only physical front panel button)
• Operating System: OS X
• Storage: 8 GB flash memory (originally: 4 or 8 GB choice)
• Quad band GSM (GSM 850, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900)
• Wi-Fi (802.11g), EDGE and Bluetooth 2.0 with EDR
• 2 megapixel camera
• Built-in rechargeable, non-removable battery with up to 8 hours of talk, 6 hours of Internet use, 7 hours of video playback, and up to 24 hours of audio playback, lasting over 250 hours on standby.^[47]
• Size: 115×61×11.6 mm (4.5×2.4×0.46 in)
• Weight: 135 g (4.8 oz)
• Digital SAR of 0.974 W/kg^[76][77]

An analysis of the iPhone’s firmware has revealed that the main Samsung chip (designated S5L8900) contains an ARM 1176 processor, together with a PowerVR MBX 3D graphics co-processor.^[78]

Intellectual property

Apple has filed more than 300 patents related to the technology behind the iPhone.^[79][80]

LG Electronics claimed the iPhone’s design was copied from the LG Prada. Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press conference, “We consider that Apple copied Prada phone after the design was unveiled when it was presented in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006.”^[81]

On September 3, 1993, Infogear filed for the U.S. trademark “I PHONE”^[82] and on March 20, 1996 applied for the trademark “IPhone”.^[83] “I Phone” was registered in March 1998,^[82] and “IPhone” was registered in 1999.^[83] Since then, the I PHONE mark has been abandoned.^[82] Infogear’s trademarks cover “communications terminals comprising computer hardware and software providing integrated telephone, data communications and personal computer functions” (1993 filing),^[82] and “computer hardware and software for providing integrated telephone communication with computerized global information networks” (1996 filing).^[84] Infogear released a telephone with an integrated web browser under the name iPhone in 1998.^[85] In 2000, Infogear won an infringement claim against the owners of the iphones.com domain name.^[86] In June 2000, Cisco Systems acquired Infogear, including the iPhone trademark.^[87] On December 18, 2006 they released a range of re-branded Voice over IP (VoIP) sets under the name iPhone.^[88]

In October 2002, Apple applied for the “iPhone” trademark in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and the European Union. A Canadian application followed in October 2004 and a New Zealand application in September 2006. As of October 2006 only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted. In September 2006, a company called Ocean Telecom Services applied for an “iPhone” trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and Hong Kong, following a filing in Trinidad and Tobago.^[89] As the Ocean Telecom trademark applications use exactly the same wording as Apple’s New Zealand application, it is assumed that Ocean Telecom is applying on behalf of Apple.^[90] The Canadian application was opposed in August 2005 by a Canadian company called Comwave who themselves applied for the trademark three months later. Comwave have been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since 2004.^[87]

Shortly after Steve Jobs’ January 9, 2007 announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June 2007, Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before.^[91] On January 10, 2007 Cisco announced it had filed a lawsuit against Apple over the infringement of the trademark iPhone, seeking an injunction in federal court to prohibit Apple from using the name.^[92] More recently, Cisco claimed that the trademark lawsuit was a “minor skirmish” that was not about money, but about interoperability.^[93]

On February 2, 2007, Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they hold settlement talks,^[94] and subsequently announced on February 20, 2007 that they had reached an agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the “iPhone” name^[95] in exchange for “exploring interoperability” between their security, consumer, and business communications products.^[96]

The iPhone’s touch interface has been compared by some media to the HTC Touch,^{[97][98][99][100]} which also features a touchscreen designed for fingers, although it can also be used with a stylus and lacks multi-touch. Another product that has been compared to the iPhone is the MyOrigo MyDevice, which was released in 2003, and like the iPhone, featured a touchscreen and accelerometer.^[101]

See also

• 300-page iPhone bill
• Information appliance
• iPod touch
• List of handhelds with Wi-Fi connectivity
• Technological convergence
• iPhony

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External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

iPhone

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

iPhone

• Apple’s iPhone website
• AT&T’s AT&T Mobility iPhone website
• Telefónica’s O2 iPhone website
• Deutsche Telekom’s T-Mobile iPhone website
• France Télécom’s Orange iPhone website

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